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Fungus gnats are small, dark, short-lived gnats, of the families Sciaridae, Diadocidiidae, Ditomyiidae, Keroplatidae, Bolitophilidae, and Mycetophilidae (order Diptera); they are sometimes placed in the superfamily Mycetophilidae. The larvae feed on plant roots and fungi, helping in the decomposition of organic matter. The adults are 2–5 mm long and are important pollinators of plants and carriers of mushroom spores. They carry diseases such as pythium on their feet.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.ecogrow.com.au/top10/Fungus_Gnat.html )〕 They may be quite annoying to humans as they fly into their faces, eyes, and noses.〔(Fungus Gnats (advice) )〕 Some fungus gnats are exceptionally hardy, being able to tolerate cold conditions through their possession of antifreeze proteins. == Hardiness == Typically, overwintering organisms can either avoid freezing or tolerate freezing, but ''Excechia nugatoria'' can do both. For ''E. nugatoria'', the production of noncolligative antifreeze proteins (NAPs) protect the head and thorax from freezing, but they do not protect the abdomen. Freezing of the head and thorax in other insects tends to have adverse effects on neural tissue, so it is not surprising that these protective mechanisms have been observed in certain species, but ''E. nugatoria'' is the only insect known to semi-freeze through the winter, which may be an evolutionary advantage according to Sformo: By allowing the abdomen to freeze, evaporative water loss is reduced over the course of the winter.〔(Fungus gnats survive winter half frozen )〕〔(Simultaneous freeze tolerance and avoidance in individual fungus gnats, Exechia nugatoria - Springer )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「fungus gnat」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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